Brooklyn Queens Land Trust

Articles of Interest

Is the Amazon Rainforest Disappearing?

Flora and fauna

Not all of the plant and animal life of Amazonia are known because of its hugely unexplored areas. No one knows how many species of fish there are in the river either. Some have estimated close to 2,000 though. Some of the famous Amazon animals that reside here are the electric eel, the piranha, and the anaconda. The small percentage of plants and animals know to science have produced valuable foods, medicine, and commercial products.

The rain forest in the Amazon Basin is under threat from logging, the clearing of land for farms and ranches, and water pollution. External linksAmaz?´nia (www.colegiosaofrancisco.com.br)



Using computer models, scientists found that about 40% of the Amazon rainforest will be lost by 2050; nearly 100 native species will be deprived of more than half of their habitats and about 772,300 square miles of forest will be lost, unless more is done to control expansion and increase protected areas. The scientists said better conservation of the rainforest would have worldwide benefits, so developed countries should contribute to preservation efforts.

The Amazon Rainforest is a term widely used to describe the moist broadleaf forests of the Amazon Basin, encompassing 7 million km2 (1.2 billion acres), with parts located within nine nations: Brazil (with 60% of the rainforest), Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. This forest represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests. States or departments in four nations bear the name Amazonas for the Amazon. Amazonian rainforests comprise the largest and most species rich tract of tropical rainforest that exists.

The Amazon BasinMain article: Amazon Basin


The forest lies in a basin drained largely by the Amazon River, with 1100 tributaries. This basin was formed in the Palaeozoic period, between 500 and 200 million years ago. Biodiversity
Aerial roots of red mangrove on an Amazonian riverWet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome, and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species rich than are African and Asian wet forests[1] . As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity.

The region is home to ~2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of plants, and some 2000 birds and mammals. The diversity of plant species is the highest on earth with some experts estimating that one square kilometre may contain over 75,000 types of trees and 150,000 species of higher plants. One square kilometre of Amazon rainforest can contain about 90,000 tons of living plants. This constitutes the largest collection of living plants and animal species in the world. One in five of all the birds in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon. To date, an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or cataloged. (Note: Brazil has one of the most advanced laws to avoid biopiracy, but enforcing it is a problem.) Amazonian forests and carbon dynamics
A river in the Amazon RainforestMore than one fifth of the Amazon Rainforest has already been destroyed; and the forest which remains is threatened. Not only are environmentalists concerned about the loss of biodiversity which will result from the forest's destruction, they are also concerned about the release of the carbon contained within the trees, which increases global warming.

Amazonian evergreen forests account for about 10% of the world's terrestrial primary productivity and 10% of the carbon stores in ecosystems [2] - on the order of 1.1 x 1011 metric tonnes of carbon [3] . Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996 [4] . Fires related to Amazonian deforestation have made Brazil one of the top greenhouse gas producers. Brazil produces about 300 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide a year; 200 million of these are come from logging and burning in the Amazon (pdf file).

In 1996, the Amazon was reported to have shown a 34 per cent increase in deforestation since 1992. A new report by a congressional committee says the Amazon is vanishing at a rate of 52,000 square kilometers (20,000 miles²) a year, over three times the rate for which the last official figures were reported, in 1994. ConservationSome environmentalists commonly stress the fact that there is not only a biological incentive to protecting the rain forest, but also an economic one. One hectare in the Peruvian Amazon has been calculated to have a value of $6820 if intact forest is sustainable harvested for fruits, latex, and timber; $1000 if clear-cut for commercial timber (not sustainable harvested); or $148 if used as cattle pasture. The assumptions of this study have been widely challenged however.

The For?§a A?©rea Brasileira has been using EMBRAER R-99 surveillance aircraft, as part of the SIVAM program, to monitor the forest. At a conference in July 2004, scientists warned that the rainforest will no longer be able to absorb the millions of tons of greenhouse gases annually, as it usually does, because of the increased pace of rainforest destruction.

9,169 square miles of rain forest were cut down in 2003 alone. In Brazil alone, European colonists have destroyed more than 90 indigenous tribes since the 1900's. With them have gone centuries of accumulated knowledge of the medicinal value of rainforest species. As their homelands continue to be destroyed by deforestation, rainforest peoples are also disappearing.


Notes

1. [1] Turner, I.M. 2001. The ecology of trees in the tropical rain forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0521801834

2. [2] Melillo, J.M., A.D. McGuire, D.W. Kicklighter, B. Moore III, C.J. V?¶r?¶smarty and A.L. Schloss. 1993. Global climate change and terrestrial net primary production. Nature 363:234–240.

3. [3] Tian, H., J.M. Melillo, D.W. Kicklighter, A.D. McGuire, J. Helfrich III, B. Moore III and C.J. V?¶r?¶smarty. 2000. Climatic and biotic controls on annual carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems. Global Ecology and Biogeography 9:315–335. External linksAmazon conservation
Amazon burning


References

Peters, C.M. et al. "Valuation of an Amazonian Forest", Nature 339: 655-656, 1989.
The Value of Tropical Forest to Local Communities: Complications, Caveats, and Cautions

Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, also known as tropical rain forests, are a tropical and subtropical biome.

Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests are found in a belt around the equator and in the humid subtropics, and are characterized by warm, humid climates with high year-round rainfall.


The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. GeographyThe South American rainforest of Amazonia (60% located in Brazil), the largest in the world, was originally covered by more than 7,000,000 km² (2 million square miles) of dense tropical forest.


The Federative Republic of Brazil (Rep?ºblica Federativa do Brasil in Portuguese) is the largest and most populous country in Latin America, and fifth largest in the world. Spanning a vast area between central South America and the Atlantic Ocean, it is the easternmost country of the is the easternmost country of the Americas and it borders Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana — every South American nation except for Ecuador and Chile. Named after brazilwood, a tree highly valued by early colonists, Brazil is home to both extensive agricultural lands and rain forests. Exploiting vast natural resources and a large labor pool, it is today South America's leading economic power and a regional leader. A former colony of Portugal, Portuguese is its official language. Rep?ºblica Federativa do Brasil



The Republic of Colombia is a country in northwestern South America. It is bordered to the north and north-west by the Caribbean Sea, to the east by Venezuela and Brazil, to the south by Ecuador and Peru, and to the west by Panama and the Pacific Ocean.



The Republic of Peru, (Spanish: Rep?ºblica del Per?º), or Peru, is a country in western South America, bordering Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the east, south-east and south, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Peru is rich in cultural anthropology, and is well-known as the cradle of the Inca empire.


Venezuela, officially known as the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: Rep?ºblica Bolivariana de Venezuela) is the northernmost country in South America and part of Caribbean South America. It borders the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Guyana to the east, Brazil to the south, and Colombia to the west.


The Republic of Ecuador is a country in northwestern South America, bounded by Colombia on the north, by Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean on the west. The country also includes the Gal?¡pagos Islands (Archipelago de Col?³n) in the Pacific, about 965 km (about 600 mi) west of the mainland.



The Co-operative Republic of Guyana is a nation on the northern coast of South America, just above the Equator and a part of the western part of the wider region of Guiana. The country is bordered to the east by Suriname, to the south by Brazil, to the west by Venezuela and to the north by the Atlantic Ocean. It is approximately the size of England or Idaho.
French Guiana (French: Guyane fran?§aise, officially Guyane) is an overseas d?©partement (d?©partement d'outre-mer, or DOM) of France, located on the Caribbean coast of South America and part of Caribbean South America. Like the other DOMs, French Guiana is also a r?©gion (r?©gion d'outre-mer) of France.

Amazonas is the name of four subnational entities in various South American nations. All are named after the Amazon River:
Amazonas State, Brazil
Amazonas Department, Colombia
Amazonas Region, Peru
Amazonas State, Venezuela


The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. GeographyThe South American rainforest of Amazonia (60% located in Brazil), the largest in the world, was originally covered by more than 7,000,000 km² (2 million square miles) of dense tropical forest.

Origin Nevado Mismi
Mouth Atlantic Ocean
Bolivia (12.0%), Colombia (6.3%)
Ecuador (2.1%)"
Basin countries Brazil (62.4%), Peru (16.3%)
Bolivia (12.0%), Colombia (6.3%)
Ecuador (2.1%)
Length 6,762 km (4,202 mi)
Source elevation 5,597 m (18,364 ft)

In ecology, a biome is a major regional group of distinctive plant and animal communities best adapted to the region's physical environment. The concept of a biome emphasizes the cohesion or correlation among species groups, soils, and climate, rather than any one of them singly. Biomes are discernible primarily at large (continental to global) spatial scales. Collectively they comprise the biosphere.

The Americas refers to the american continent, the collectivity of North America, Central America and the Caribbean, and South America.

The term is a relatively recent and less ambiguous alternative to the name America, which may refer to either the whole american continent or the United States of America.


Africa is the world's second-largest continent and second most populous after Asia. At about 30,244,050 km² (11,677,240 mi²) including its adjacent islands, it covers 20.3 percent of the total land area on Earth. With over 800 million human inhabitants in 54 countries, it accounts for about one seventh of the world human population.

Asia is the central and eastern part of Eurasia and world's largest continent. Defined by subtracting Europe from Eurasia, Asia is either regarded as a landmass of its own or as part of Eurasia.

The demarcation between Asia and Africa is the isthmus of Suez (though the Sinai Peninsula, being a part of Egypt east of the canal, is often geopolitically considered a part of Africa).

Biodiversity or biological diversity is the diversity of and in living nature. There are a number of definitions and measures of biodiversity. Etymology Biodiversity is a neologism and a portmanteau word, from bio and diversity. The term biological diversity was coined by Thomas Lovejoy in 1980, while the word biodiversity itself was coined by the entomologist E.


Insects are invertebrate animals of the Class Insecta, the largest and (on land) most widely distributed taxon within the Phylum Arthropoda. Insects comprise the most diverse group of animals on the earth, with over 800,000 species described—more than all other animal groups combined: "Indeed, in no one of her works has Nature more fully displayed her exhaustless ingenuity," Pliny exclaimed.


In biology, a species is the basic unit of biodiversity. In scientific classification, a species is assigned a two-part name in Latin. The genus is listed first (and capitalized), followed by a specific epithet. For example, humans belong to the genus Homo, and are in the species Homo sapiens.


Plants are a major group of living things (about 300,000 species), including familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, and ferns. Aristotle divided all living things between plants, which generally do not move or have sensory organs, and animals. In Linnaeus' system, these became the Kingdoms Vegetabilia (later Plantae) and Animalia.

Birds are bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrates characterized primarily by feathers, forelimbs modified as wings, and hollow bones.

Birds range in size from the tiny hummingbirds to the huge Ostrich and Emu. Depending on taxonomic viewpoint, there are about 8,800–10,200

The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals characterized by the presence of mammary glands, which in females produce milk for the nourishment of young; the presence of hair or fur; and which have endothermic or "warm-blooded" bodies. The brain regulates endothermic and circulatory systems, including a four-chambered heart.


The Federative Republic of Brazil (Rep?ºblica Federativa do Brasil in Portuguese) is the largest and most populous country in Latin America, and fifth largest in the world. Spanning a vast area between central South America and the Atlantic Ocean.

Biopiracy refers to the privatization and unauthorized use of biological resources by entities (including corporations, universities and governments) outside of a country which has pre-existing knowledge. This privatization and use is sometimes claimed to be predatory. Particular activities usually covered by the term are:

tree can be defined as a large, perennial, woody plant. Though there is no set definition regarding minimum size, the term generally applies to plants at least 6 m (20 ft) high at maturity and, more importantly, having secondary branches supported on a single main stem or trunk (see shrub for comparison).

Global warming describes an increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. The terms global warming or anthropogenic global warming are also used to describe the theory that increasing temperatures are the result of a strengthening greenhouse effect caused primarily by man-made increases in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.


This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.

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WARNING From National Gardening Association/
Are YOU Prepared for Accidental Poisonings?
By Barbara Martin - Mid-Atlantic - June 12 to 26, 2003

In 2001, poison centers received more than 90,000 calls regarding exposure to pesticides -- more than half of them involving children under age six. Please keep gardening chemicals in their original labeled containers and under lock and key, safely out of the reach of children and pets. And keep this number posted by your phone: 1-800-222-1222. Go put it there now. This Poison Control Center Web site has good information:

http://www.1-800-222-1222.info/


¿Advertir de la Horticultura Nacional Assciation Es USTED Prepar?³ para Venenos Accidentales? Por Barbara Martin - mezcla de Brit?¡nico y
Norteamericano - junio 12 a 26, 2003



En 2001, el veneno centra recibido m?¡s de 90,000 llamadas con respecto a la exposici?³n a pesticidas -m?¡s que la mitad de ellos menor de edad de ni?±os que implica seis. Mantenga por favor sustancias qu?­micas de horticultura en su original contenedores marcados y cerrado con candado, seguramente fuera del alcance de ni?±os y animales favoritos. Y mantiene este n?ºmero anunciado por su tel?©fono: 1-800-222-1222. Vaya p?³ngalo all?­ ahora. Este Control del Veneno sitio web Central tiene informaci?³n buena:

el http: //www.1-800-222-1222.info/

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From kidshealth.org


What Kids Say About: What They Eat


We wanted to know what kids were eating, so we asked 959 boys and girls to tell us. Their answers show that many of them are trying hard to eat healthy. How? By eating fruits, vegetables, and good-for-you drinks, like milk, water, and 100% fruit juice. Some kids are still having trouble, though. Let's take a closer look at the results from the latest KidsPoll.

We asked kids to remember what they ate yesterday and answer this question: How many times did you have a vegetable? Here's what they said:

26% of kids said they had veggies three times or more.
16% said they had vegetables twice.
25% said they had one serving of a vegetable.
33% said they had none.

None is no good. One is better than none. Two is on the right track and three is great news. With three vegetables and two fruits, you could reach the 5-a-day goal.

How to Eat More Good Stuff
Though they have a bad reputation among some kids, vegetables can be delicious. The trick to eating more of them is to try different types prepared in different ways. Don't like green beans? Have you had them drizzled with lemon butter or topped with crunchy almonds? Would you like to dip one in ketchup? Go ahead and try it.

We asked the same question about fruit and fruit juice and here's what kids said:

39% said they had three or more servings of fruit or 100% fruit juice during the previous day.
17% said they had two servings.
24% said they had one serving of fruit or juice.
20% said they had none.

As you can see, kids found it easier to fit in some fruit, but many still aren't having enough. If you'd like to boost fruit in your diet, try to find a new one to like. Cruise the grocery store or go to a farmer's market with your mom or dad. What looks good to you? Just ask your mom or dad to buy one. If you like it, you can buy more next time. To make fruit easier to eat, you'll notice more prepackaged fruits at the store. That's an easy way to buy a single serving of a fruit - and it's sealed tight so you can toss it in your backpack or lunchbox.

So overall, 12% of kids said they ate no fruits or vegetables the previous day. Here's what the rest of the kids said, when we combined the fruit and vegetable answers:

17% said they had one fruit or one veggie.
13% had two total - one fruit and one veggie.
13% had a combination of two fruits and vegetables.
7% had a combination of three fruits and vegetables.
38% had a combination of five or more.

Why are grown-ups always pushing the fruits and veggies? Because they contain vitamins, minerals, and fiber - all of which keep you healthy and growing just the way you should.

Did you eat any fruits and vegetables today? If so, how many?

Breakfast and Beverages

Breakfast is good for everyone. After a long night of snoozing, your body needs some fuel to start the day. Eighty-one percent of kids said they had breakfast, but 19% of kids said they usually don't eat it at all. Here's what the other kids said:

65% eat breakfast at home.
9% eat it at school.
7% eat it elsewhere.

Kids aren't just deciding what to eat, they're choosing drinks, too. Drinks count, just like food, so it's important to choose the best ones. Water and milk are the best drinks for kids and lots of kids are choosing them. If they could choose a drink, 21% said they'd pick water and 14% would pick milk. Another 14% said 100% juice, which is good as long as it's a small amount. Even school-age kids don't need more than 6 to 8 ounces (180 to 240 milliliters) of fruit juice per day - that's about a cup (240 milliliters).

Other kids chose sports drinks, soda, pop, or a fruit-flavored drink. These can be once-in-a-while drinks, but they're not good for every day. Why? They have a lot of sugar, which means a lot of calories. Remember, water has 0 calories! These sweet drinks also may lack the vitamins and minerals found in milk and 100% juice.

The Secret to Eating Healthy?
How often do you try to eat healthy? Kids in our survey gave a mix of answers.

26% said all the time.
35% said most of the time.
24% said sometimes.
10% said once in a while.
5% said never.

We wonder why some kids are interested in eating healthy and other kids aren't. Comparing a few survey questions gave us a clue. It turns out that kids ate more fruits and vegetables if their families talked to them about healthy eating. That makes sense. Parents usually buy and serve the food, so if they're interested in nutrition, they'll probably make it easier for their kids to eat fruits and vegetables - and to be healthier in general.

Although 15% of kids said no family member ever mentioned nutrition, the rest said someone in their family talked with them about healthy eating once in a while, once a month, or once a week. Family members also were kids' No. 1 source of information about eating healthy.

36% said family members gave them info on healthy eating.
28% said they got their info from school.
19% turned to a nurse or doctor.
7% said the TV or Internet.
10% said "somewhere else."
Kids Choose Their Own Food
But when it came time to fill that plate, more than half of kids (58%) said they chose which foods to eat. Other kids said their moms (31%); their dads (6%); or someone else (5%). The truth is that this works best when kids and parents share the responsibility. Here's how it works best: Moms and dads buy and prepare all kinds of healthy foods and kids decide which foods to eat and how much to eat. That way, you can stop eating when you're full and you won't feel forced to eat food you don't like.

So keep on choosing healthy foods and consider going on a taste adventure. What's a taste adventure? When you try a new food!

What's a KidsPoll?
The group that took this KidsPoll included an equal number of boys and girls who were between 9 and 13 years old. They answered the questions on handheld data devices while visiting these health education centers and children's museums:

Byrnes Health Education Center, York, Pennsylvania
Children's Health Education Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Crown Center for Health Education, Hinsdale, Illinois
Health World Children's Museum, Barrington, Illinois
HealthWorks! Kids Museum, South Bend, Indiana
Lilly Health Education Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
Saint Joseph Mercy Health Exploration Station, Canton, Michigan
Weller Health Education Center, Easton, Pennsylvania
A poll, like the KidsPoll, asks people a list of questions. Then researchers compile all the answers and look at the way the group answered. They calculate how many - or what percentage - answered "yes" to this question and "no" to that one. Polls give us clues about how most people - not just the ones who answered the poll questions - feel about certain issues. We'll be conducting more KidsPolls in the future to find out what kids say - maybe you'll be part of one!

Reviewed by: Mary L. Gavin, MD
Date reviewed: May 2005

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Note: All information on KidsHealth is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor.

©1995-2006 The Nemours Foundation. All rights reserved.

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Banana Recipes
from www.cdc.gov Five a-Day Fruit of the Month: Banana

Banana Nut Smoothie
Makes 4 (1 cup) servings.
Recipe source: PBH

Ingredients

2 bananas, ripe
2 cups pineapple juice
2 Tbsp Creamy peanut butter
2 tsp plain yogurt
1 ½ tsp vanilla extract
6 ice cubes
nutmeg

Combine all ingredients, except nutmeg, in blender. Cover and run on high until smooth and well-blended. Sprinkle with nutmeg.

Nutritional analysis per serving: Calories 177, Total Fat 5g, Calories from Fat 23%, Cholesterol 0mg, Fiber 2g, Sodium 41mg.

Banana Berry Jumble
Makes 3 servings.
Recipe source: PBH

Ingredients

2 bananas, halved and cut into ½ inch pieces
¾ cup cranberries, fresh or frozen
¼ cup oats
½ tsp nutmeg

Combine all ingredients in a large, non-stick skillet. Cook on medium-high heat just until cranberries begin to soften, stirring occasionally. Remove from heat; cool slightly. Spoon into bowls and top with whipped topping or frozen yogurt, if desired.

Nutritional analysis per serving: Calories 161, Fat 1g, Calories from Fat 5%, Cholesterol 0mg, Fiber 3g, Sodium 5mg.

Baked Bananas with Orange/Lemon Sauce
Makes 4 servings.
Recipe source: PBH/Carol Withers

Ingredients

4 bananas
¼ cup orange marmalade
2 Tbsp lemon juice
1 Tbsp grated orange peel
1 Tbsp grated lemon peel
2 mint sprigs (for garnish, optional)

Remove ends from bananas. With a knife, slit banana skin on the back of each banana from top to bottom, but leave the skin on the banana (to keep the banana from bursting). Bake bananas in their skins in a 375-degree oven for 20 minutes. Meanwhile, mix marmalade and lemon juice. When done, remove bananas from oven and discard the skin. Center each banana on a dessert plate. Pour 1½ Tbsps sauce over each banana. Mix orange and lemon peels and sprinkle 1½ tsps over each banana. Garnish with mint.

Nutrition information per serving: Calories 163, Fat 1g, Cholesterol 0mg, Fiber 2g, Sodium 7mg.

Kid Stuff

What's a Booger?

Hey, get your finger outta there! Instead of picking them out, let's learn about those little blobs. Yeah, we're talking about boogers.
To understand what boogers are, you need to know about mucus (say: myoo-kus). Mucus is the thin, sticky, slimy stuff that's made inside your nose. If you're like a lot of kids, you have another name for nose mucus: snot. Your nose makes about a cupful (about 237 milliliters) of snot every day.
Mucus has a pretty important job - it protects the lungs. When you breathe in air through your nose, it contains lots of tiny things, like dust, dirt, germs, and pollen. If these made it all the way to the lungs, the lungs could get hurt and it would be tough to breathe. Luckily, snot helps trap this stuff, keeping it in the nose and out of the lungs.
After this stuff gets stuck inside the nose, the mucus surrounds it and some of the tiny hairs inside the nose called cilia (say: sih-lee-uh). These hairs help move the mucus and the trapped stuff toward the front of the nose or the back of the throat. When the mucus and the dirt dry and clump together, you're left with a booger. Boogers can be squishy and slimy or tough and crumbly. Everybody gets them, so they're not a big deal. In fact, boogers are a sign that your nose is working the way it should!
If you have to get rid of boogers, your best bet is to blow 'em out of your nose and into a tissue. Picking your nose isn't a great idea because boogers contain lots of dirt and germs and because poking around in your nose can make it bleed.

Updated and reviewed by: Mary L. Gavin, MD
Date reviewed: September 2003
Originally reviewed by: Steven Dowshen, MD, and Neil Izenberg, MD
posted on http://www.KidsHealth.org

This information is intended for educational purposes. Always check with your parens and doctor or medical provider for immediate health matters. Ed.


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